Evidence that God exists

Introduction The controversial theme of the existence of God has been a prevailing subject throughout the history of philosophy. Pre-Socratic philosophers tried to directly and sometimes indirectly prove and explain the existence of God. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence that God exists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problem of determining the existence of God has not merely been a challenge to aristocrats, philosophers and scientists. It has also been the oldest challenge of theology. There has to be an existing supernatural being that has been a controlling force behind the series of events in the universe as this paper shall analyze using standard cosmological arguments on the existence of God. Hence, based on the position the paper has taken, it can only be logical to assert that everything that exists has a cause and nothing brought itself into existence. The concept of the existence of God Cr aig (2006) indicates that one of the major issues that societies have been grappling with for many centuries is the puzzle surrounding the existence of God. Multiple layers of questions seeking meaning and answers have expressed the magnitude of concern that theologists, philosophers and scientists have had at variety of levels. Some of the key questions which they have sought answers to include why things exist the way they do, where they come from and whether their existence have any context or meaning to overall reality. These questions have even taken a broader level to questions on reality such as the actual cause of the series of events being experienced and observed today. It is imperative to mention that cosmological arguments bear one key idea that everything in the universe did not just appear out of nothing, rather they came from a certain source. As such it is clear from the perspective given by this approach that nothing sprung from nothing, thus fairly justifying the existence of God. As a matter of fact, this argument maintains that God must have been instrumental towards the origin of the universe. Cosmological arguments Cosmological arguments on the existence of God is one among many strongly stated cases that seeks to provide evidence on the reality of God. The argument claims that the reality of events in the world as well as the very existence of the universe strongly points to and offers sufficient explanation that everything was created by God. Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even so, certain philosophers have sharply countered the argument by citing inconsistencies and falsehoods by indicating that since everything exist because of a reason, then the very existence of God must have been caused by another entity. Traditional form of cosmological argument The argument presented by the cosmological perspective on the existence of G od is based on the premise of an uncaused cause which explains the existence of a supreme and unconditioned being. According to Craig (2006), this argument has been known to be a causal argument based on contingency and three variants namely infieri, in esse and in causa. As noted earlier in the discussion, Ancient Greek Platos, Aristotle as well as theologians and philosophers have in the past years used the premise of first cause found in the cosmological case to prove that God is the beginning of the existence of everything. The arguments Cosmological arguments like all other arguments have their diverse forms some of which include the first cause argument and the modal contingency argument. Contingency argument It is possible to derive from the argument posed by Aquinas the notion that the universe must have had no beginning based on universal causation. In nature, Aquinas demonstrates that certain things could have had contingent existence. This means that it was possible for the universe not to exist and as such did not exist before. In fact, the argument can be best explained by indicating that there was a time when nothing existed. Hence, it is possible that there was nothing that could have brought something into existence. The sophisticated nature of the position given by Aquinas on contingency presents a problem which proves that contingent being cannot express or even provide reasons for the very presence of contingent beings. Gottfried Leibniz posited that there can never be a true proposition or existence that is without a sufficient cause. This provides succinct evidence that supports the cosmological argument on the existence of God. While contingent things many or may not exist, necessary things must exist first for others to live and become reality. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence that God exists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current universe has also been expounded using the big bang theory which asserts that there must have been latent forces that led to the emergence of the universe. Using cosmological arguments, it was necessary for God to exist since every other creature was contingent and depended on a supernatural being to exist. In my view, without the necessary existence of God, nothing else could have existed. Plato’s cosmological argument The book Laws published by Plato (428 BC-347 BCE) introduces a new aspect of cosmological argument by examining motions in the universe. One very strong point that Plato brings out to explain the evidence of God is that everything that exists (matter) requires the presence of a superior being to get into motion. The cosmic level interpretation of his argument points out to a universe that exist, but which requires certain power. In other words, the movement of the universe explains the existence of a cause. Since motion is time-based, there has to be a cause. All series of ev ents have a cause and can therefore not be infinite. In agreement with Aristotle and Plato, the motions of the universe must have had an eternal causer which points to God. In addition, there are various natural forces of nature that tend to dictate the natural occurrence of events which can all be attributed to the presence of a supernatural being called God. Moral realism it is worth considering the importance of moral realism when discussing the existence of God. The presence of morality provides evidence of the reality of God. This is so true in the essence that the basis for ethics is founded on the existence of God without which human being would have been wallowing in the sea of moral relativism. Much of the support and moral realism by Christians is attributed to the fact that they believe in God. Hence, cosmological arguments are worth considering at this point of discussion since the existence of God has been brought out well. Arguments against While it may be true that th e very existence of God is self-explanatory, there can be no event without a cause, one would be left in the dark on the self explanatory nature of the existence of God. The uncaused state of the universe as scientists explain differ in bits with the cosmological arguments as the latter does not distinguish between contingency and necessary things in terms of time. Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since cosmological argument by Kalam points out that the uncaused God is eternal, it is clear to point inconsistencies that cosmological argument brings out when indicating that the universe has a beginning that was caused by God. Using the first premise of cosmological arguments, it is imperative to highlight the gap it creates when citing that every existing thing must have a cause of existence. This raises the question on who was the cause of the first cause. Why is the first cause exempted from having a cause? As such, the first premise fails and is unsound when it suggests that God exists and his existence is uncaused. This offers a strong ground for rejecting cosmological argument as ramshackle. The above issue brings another problem of giving the true identity of the first cause. While some would think of it as a theistic God, some would regard it as an unarticulated first cause or even Big Bang. Arguments from Deism also indicate that even if there was a first cause, then it has no link with the continuing events that characterize the universe. Conclusions To sum up, the existence of a first cause to a series of events in the universe including the universe itself cannot be disputed. There has to be a supernatural being which can manage and control time and motions. As noted above, there have been counter arguments and rejections pointing towards weak areas that the cosmological arguments fail to explain. Reference Craig, W. L.   (2006). J. Howard Sobel on the Kalam cosmological argument.  Canadian Journal of Philosophy  36(4),  565-633. This essay on Evidence that God exists was written and submitted by user Alpha Flight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A comparison of manned missions to space and robot missions essays

A comparison of manned missions to space and robot missions essays Since the Soviets put Sputnik into space, there have been many missions into space. Robots have done some missions and people have done others. Robots do not possess human judgment or the abilities necessary for solving problems. However, manned space missions are much more costly than robot missions and they have more risk. In space, there are lots of unpredicted variables and things that we do not expect to occur. Due to this, it is important to have manned space missions. Humans are capable of solving problems, whereas robots only know what theyve been programmed to do. Apollo thirteen would have been destroyed if it were a robot, but since it had a human crew on board, it survived. They were able to solve their problems because they were capable. Also, in space, it is necessary for on the spot judgment. Humans possess the capability make decisions, but robots can only do a limited amount of tasks. This is a large con to sending robots into space. On the other hand, manned missions are much more expensive than robots. A single flight of the space shuttle costs around $420 million dollars. In addition, manned shuttles need places to stay. The International Space Station has already cost $16 billion to build and the price is expected to reach over $40 billion. The expected price was $8 billion. Robots are much cheaper. The Mars Pathfinder cost only $265 million and it brought back lots of useful scientific data. Robots are more economical than manned space flights. Furthermore, manned space missions have greater risk than robot missions. As in the case of Apollo 1 and Apollo 13, accidents occurred on manned space missions. That puts peoples lives in danger as well as space shuttles. If a robot malfunctions or breaks somehow, not as much is lost. When astronauts are lost, new ones have to be trained and prepared for space flight. When a robot is destroyed, a new one can be made and any problems wi...

Analysis of Implementation of the Doctorate in Nursing Practice Degree Research Paper

Analysis of Implementation of the Doctorate in Nursing Practice Degree - Research Paper Example Doctorate level practice is one of the highest levels of nursing practice, and it involves top-notch training based on nursing science. The two categories of doctorates may coexist inside the same nursing education division. The predominant research-oriented doctorate program in nursing Ph.D., whereas the practice-focused discipline is Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) though recently introduced. The latter is seen as a counter-PhD because the proponents feel that former doesn’t have a practical aspect. It is for this reason that much contrary views have arisen. The inception of the Doctorate in nursing practice by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing has got some mixed reception within the nursing profession. The proponents have grounded on the fact that unlike tradition doctoral programs, the DNP program will emphasize practice-oriented direction and offer an alternative to research-oriented doctoral programs. The first reason to move to this program is due to the shifting of the nation’s intricate health-care environment. It requires high level of scientific skills and practices proficiency to provide quality treatment outcomes (Aacn.nche.edu, 2014). Various institutions such as joint commission and foundations and the institute of medicine have supported this program and called for a re-look on the nursing profession that prepares practical aspect of nursing. Another major factor that builds impetus for change of the nursing culture at doctorate level include: the speedy expansion of comprehension underlying practice; inclined health care complexities; widespread concern over patient safety and quality of health and scarcity of nursing workforce. This demands a high standard of preparation of nursing practitioner who can be able to design, assess, and evaluate patient care. The shortage of practice-focused nursing faculty has made the DNP attract increased learning expectation of nursing community to fit the existing gap.

To what extent can the doctrine of the hypostatical union be traced Essay

To what extent can the doctrine of the hypostatical union be traced back to the teaching and spiritual practice of early Christian church - Essay Example Whereas it might be tempting to assert the fact that the early Christian movement was somehow uneducated or inadequate to discern key levels of philosophical inference, individuals at the forefront of developing Christian theology were oftentimes the most educated members of society of that particular era. Accordingly, rather than delving into a broad discussion of the misunderstandings and disagreements that existed within early Christian thought, this particular analysis will instead focus specifically on the issue of disagreement related to what is known as the hypostatic union which was understood to have been exhibited within the person of Christ as he lived on earth. In simple terms, the hypostatic union denotes the fact that Christ exhibited both a divine and godly nature alongside a human one. Although this is excepted prima fascia among almost all believers of the Christian faith within the current world, it was a great deal of disagreement and argument that existed within t he early church as doctrines were formulated and theology based upon Christ’s nature was defined. In this way, the following analysis will seek to provide and historical overview and prospectus with regard to how these differing approaches ultimately came to be considered as Christian canon throughout the ages. Before delving directly into the issue of a definition of the hypostatic union, it is necessary to appreciate the fact that this particular term did not originate with early Christian doctrine and/or theology. Instead, hypostasis was originally coined by the stoicism movement within ancient Greece; as denoting being of two natures at the same time. As individuals within the Stoic movement sought to incorporate this concept within their daily lives, it was a relevant term that was known among educated individuals within the early Christian

Essentials of Business Law Essay Example for Free

Essentials of Business Law Essay There are many types of contracts made between people, however there are several guidelines to follow for the contract to be valid. A contract is defined as an official agreement which can be written or an oral agreement. A contract is a promise that is made between two or more people and can be formal or informal. There are six elements that make the contract valid, if these elements aren’t present in the contract then it is not considered to be valid. The first element of importance would be that the two parties must have an offer. An offer is the actual promise or agreement that needs to be decided upon because this is what makes the whole contract exist. In order to make a valid offer, there should be at least two people or more so that they can create a legal contract. Then the offer must be accepted by the other party/parties to be a legal valid contract. Both parties must fully be aware of what is being offered as well as what the other party must do in return. Once the offer is made in a contract, the other party must accept the offer. The contract cannot be official without the other party accepting the offer. The other party can accept the offer that is being made by writing or verbally. The next important element in the contract is consideration. Consideration is when the other party gives something back in response to the offer being made. Consideration is anything of value that is given in exchange for goods or services, and is used to induce the other party to enter into a contractual agreement. This makes the contract similar to an exchange between the two parties. In order for a contract to be legally valid, there must be a consideration. Although the Contracts Act 1950 does not state anything on the necessity of the intention to create legal relations, it is considered very important to have this element when making a valid legal contract. This element is an agreement that is not a contract unless it is in the common intention of the parties that it should be legally enforced. Such as an agreement made between two people about belongings that should be inherited after a person’s death. Certainty is another important element in the contract, the guidelines and rules that are made in a contract must be clearly stated and understood by both parties involved in the contract. The agreement must be certain or the contract will no longer be valid. Capacity in the contract is described as the parties in the contract having the legal capacity to carry out the contract. The parties must be at least of the age of 18 or older. Minors or people below the age of eighteen do not have the capacity to enter into a valid contract legally. All types of contracts are different, for example some are long and contain a lot of legal termination while others are written in simple English and are only a page long. Contracts are also used for many different reasons such as for large corporate businesses to personal matters. The many different type of contracts are created for many different purposes such as fix-price contracts, labor contracts, and time- material contracts to name a few. These contracts are created different but they are still required to meet all the expectations of a legal valid contract. References Rogers, S. (2012). Essentials of Business Law. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Physics of the Turntable :: physics sound music

Have you ever wondered how a record player works? Probably not. After all, who still listens to records? Surprisingly enough, turntables are making a come back. With the recent surge of interest in hip hop music, popular attention has been turned towards the turntable, used by DJs to provide beats, loops and scratching for virtually all of today's hip hop groups. The inner workings of the turntable may seem complex at first but after reading this paper it should become clear that, like all things, the record player works on basic principals of physics. In fact, the turntable is remarkable in that the basic physical principles behind it are quite simple. Some of these will be explored here. Please enjoy your visit. How a record player works is quite simple. A motor is somehow connected to a solid disc so that the disc is rotated at a constant speed. On top of the rotating disc (platter), The record is placed on top, with a slip mat in between. The slip mat can serve two functions. In the past to hold the record in place so that it would not rotate independently of the platter. Now, however, the slip mat serves a much different function. Instead of holding the record in place, the slip mat is now used to reduce the friction between the spinning platter and the record. This way a DJ can scratch (manually move the record, usually at high speeds) the record while the platter continues to spin underneath. Once the record is rotating, a stylus glides along the grooves and picks up the vibrations, these are then converted into audible sound. There are many different models of turntables still being manufactured. Of those being sold, it is possible to divide them into two separate categories based upon their motor system. Virtually all record players being manufactured today have either belt drive or direct drive motors. For the reasons discussed below, direct drives are accepted as the industry standard for professional DJs and turntabilists. Belt Drive - There are two advantages to the belt drive design. The motor in a belt driven turntable is set away from the platter by means of a continuous belt loop. This minimizes vibration to the platter and thus needle skipping. Also, belt drive models tend to be much cheaper than their direct drive counter parts. These advantages, however, do not balance the many short falls of the belt drive design.

Asian Agri and the future of Palm oil Essay

Is Tanoto correct that palm oil has a bright future? Tanoto is correct that palm oil – aka the â€Å"golden corp† of Southeast Asia – has a bright future. It is very economic to be produced, due to its high yield and low cost of production compared with production of other edible oils. With higher economic growth, the demand for food and fuel is rapidly growing in the Asian countries of India and China. So, it is likely that we see a similar positive effect on the demand for Palm oil. Additionally, in today’s world, there are health concerns regarding the rise in the use of trans-fat. This has led consumers and packaged goods to companies limit its use. The increasing health consciousness has would contribute to increased use of this commodity as palm oil is trans-fat free. Furthermore, with increasing requirement for biodiesel, palm oil could well become an important part of the renewable fuel and play a vital role in the energy business. If yes, how should Asian Agri strengthen its position? If no, what should Yeo’s strategy be? If unclear, what could Yeo do to improve the global use of palm oil? I think due to the increasing role that palm oil has to play in the global economy, Asian Agri should strengthen its position in the industry and promote the global use of palm oil. They could do this through: Sustainable Production Asian Agri should aggressively stimulate the use of sustainable palm oil. They can do this by keeping to the set of economic, environmental, legal, and social standards set, in the production process of palm oil. Since sustainability will be an important factor for the company to differentiate itself from competitors and to stay strong in the industry, the company should continue to get all its â€Å"properties† certified as â€Å"sustainable†. They can also train middle managers, supervisors and workers on sustainable palm oil production. Expansion With palm oil demand rising, Asian Agri should continue to expand their plantation size. Although there are visible difficulties to acquire land in Indonesia, the company should not desert their expansion plans. I feel that it will be a good choice to diversify geographically, predominantly to countries in Africa and South America where land is abundant. This helps the company to diversify risk both politically and financially. It makes good financial sense to not put all their eggs in one basket – Indonesia, and good political sense as political instability or riots are a very real possibility in Indonesia. Additionally, by growing its trading and sourcing operations, Asian Agri can derive more value from its market expertise and refining activities. This will help the company to establish direct linkages with its customers at the destination market. This could also help reduce supply chain related expenses for of the company. Marketing and Promotion I think Asian Agri can undertake more marketing and promotional activities, which could help them increase market share. They can play off the fact on health advantages that palm oil has over other edible oils. The point that palm oil is trans-fatâ€Å"` free can be put to good use in the marketing campaign, which will help address increasing concerns of trans fat consumption. They can do this through advertisements, usage of social media, and distribution of brochures that will help educate customers. With projections indicating that global palm oil production would nearly double by 2020, it makes sense that Asian Agri to be proactive in its expansion, marketing and promotional plans. Although we recognize the rising anxiety from environmental NGOs and other challenges, the fact remains that palm oil business has very high potential, given sustainable production and good promotion.